1 Hoy DG, et al. Reflecting on the global burden of musculoskeletal conditions: lessons learnt from the global burden of disease 2010 study and the next steps forward. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(1):4–7.
2 Dowsey MM, et al. Associations between pre-operative radiographic osteoarthritis severity and pain and function after total hip replacement : Radiographic OA severity predicts function after THR. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35(1):183–9.
3 Beswick AD, et al. What proportion of patients report long-term pain after total hip or knee replacement for osteoarthritis? A systematic review of prospective studies in unselected patients. BMJ Open. 2012;2(1):e000435.
4 O’Neill TW, McCabe PS, McBeth J. Update on the epidemiology, risk factors and disease outcomes of osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2018;32(2):312–26.
5 Theiler R, Dudler J. [Drug therapy of pain: reason overwhelmed by emotion?]. Rev Med Suisse. 2013;9(401):1846–53.
6 Kotter T, et al. Metamizole-associated adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0122918.
7 Gnjidic D, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in older people: prescribing patterns according to pain prevalence and adherence to clinical guidelines. Pain. 2014;155(9):1814–20.
8 Altman RD, Barthel HR. Topical therapies for osteoarthritis. Drugs. 2011;71(10):1259–79.
9 Rafanan BS Jr, et al. Consensus recommendations for managing osteoarthritic pain with topical NSAIDs in Asia-Pacific. Pain Manag. 2018;8(2):115–28.
10 Barkin RL. The pharmacology of topical analgesics. Postgrad Med. 2013;125(4, Suppl 1):7–18.
11 Persson MSM, et al. The relative efficacy of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and capsaicin in osteoarthritis: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2018;26(12):1575–82.
12 Mercadante S. Topical amitriptyline and ketamine for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Expert Rev Neurother. 2015;15(11):1249–53.
13 Derry S, et al. Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:Cd007400.
14 Jorge LL, Feres CC, Teles VE. Topical preparations for pain relief: efficacy and patient adherence. J Pain Res. 2010;4:11–24.
15 McPherson ML, Cimino NM. Topical NSAID formulations. Pain Med. 2013;14(Suppl 1):S35–9.
16 Makris UE, Kohler MJ, Fraenkel L. Adverse effects of topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in older adults with osteoarthritis: a systematic literature review. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(6):1236–43.
17 Mason L, et al. Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004;5:28.
18 Lin J, et al. Efficacy of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of osteoarthritis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2004;329(7461):324.
19 Hochberg MC, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2012 recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64(4):465–74.
20 Zhang W, et al. EULAR evidence based recommendations for the management of hand osteoarthritis: report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(3):377–88.
21 Komatsu T, Sakurada T. Comparison of the efficacy and skin permeability of topical NSAID preparations used in Europe. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2012;47(5):890–5.
22 Vincent CM, Laugel C, Marty JP. In vitro topical delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs through human skin. Arzneimittelforschung. 1999;49(6):509–13.
23 Ballerini R, et al. Study on the absorption of ketoprofen topically administered in man: comparison between tissue and plasma levels. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1986;6(1):69–72.
24 Byl NN. The use of ultrasound as an enhancer for transcutaneous drug delivery: phonophoresis. Phys Ther. 1995;75(6):539–53.
25 Andrews PA, Sampson SA. Topical non-steroidal drugs are systemically absorbed and may cause renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(1):187–9.
26 Otsuka N, et al. A minimal impact of long-term S-flurbiprofen plaster application on kidney function in osteoarthritis patients. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2017;21(6):1060–7.
27 Grube B, et al. Efficacy of a comfrey root (Symphyti offic. radix) extract ointment in the treatment of patients with painful osteoarthritis of the knee: results of a double-blind, randomised, bicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(1):2–10.
28 Barna M, et al. [Wound healing effects of a Symphytum herb extract cream (Symphytum x uplandicum NYMAN:) : results of a randomized, controlled double-blind study]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2007;157(21-22):569–74.
29 Kucera M, et al. Topical symphytum herb concentrate cream against myalgia: a randomized controlled double-blind clinical study. Adv Ther. 2005;22(6):681–92.
30 Kucera M, et al. Efficacy and safety of topically applied Symphytum herb extract cream in the treatment of ankle distortion: results of a randomized controlled clinical double blind study. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2004;154(21-22):498–507.
31 Faundez J, Cotoras P, Irarrazaval S. Are intraarticular steroids effective for knee osteoarthritis? Medwave. 2016;16(Suppl5):e6599.
32
www.swissmedicinfo.ch [Zugriff 22.1.2019]
33 Schmiedtke-Schrezenmeier G, et al. Behandlung der nichtaktivierten Genarthrose – Besserung durch ein Phytotherapeutikum. Therpiewoche. 1992;42:1322–5.
34 Whitefield M, et al. Comparative efficacy of a proprietary topical ibuprofen gel and oral ibuprofen in acute soft tissue injuries: a randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2002;27:409–17.
35 Derry S, et al. Topical NSAIDs for Acute Musculoskeletal Pain in Adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;6.
36 Zeng C, et al. Relative efficacy and safety of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52:642–50.