1 Rybicki BA, Major M, et al. Racial differences in sarcoidosis incidence: a 5-year study in a health maintenance organization. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:234–41.
2 Thomas KW, Hunninghake GW, et al. Sarcoidosis. JAMA. 2003;289(24):3300.
3 Schurmann M, Lympany PA, et al. Familial Sarcoidosis is linked to the major histocompatibility complex region. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:861–4.
4 Newman LS, Rose CS, et al. Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(17):1224.
5 Newman LS, Rose CS, et al. A case control etiologic study of sarcoidosis: environmental and occupational risk factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:1324–30.
6 Rossman MD, Thompson B, et al. HLA-DRB1*1101: a significant risk factor for sarcoidosis in blacks and whites. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;73:720–35.
7 Iannuzzi MC, Maliarik MJ, et al. Sarcoidosis susceptibility and resistance HLA-DQB1 alleles in African Americans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:1225–31.
8 Iannuzzi MC, Rybicki B, et al. Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2153–65.
9 Scadding JG. Prognosis of intrathoracic sarcoidosis in England: a review of 136 cases after five years’ observation. BMJ. 1961;2:1165–72.
10 Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1885–9.
11 Shorr AF, Torrington KG, et al. Endobronchial involvement and airway hyperreactivity in patients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 2001;120:881–6.
12 Handa T, Nagai S, et al. Incidence of pulmonary hypertension and its clinical relevance in patients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 2006;129:1246–52.
13 Birnbaum AD, French DD, et al. Sarcoidosis in the national veteran population: association of ocular inflammation and mortality. Ophthalmology 2015;122:934–8.
14 Bakker AL, Grutters JC, et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis: challenges in clinical practice. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2017 Sep;23(5):468–75.
15 Lynch JP, Hwang J, et al . Cardiac Involvement in Sarcoidosis: Evolving Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;38:477–98.
16 Hunninghake GW, Costabel U et al. Statement on Sarcoidosis. AM J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;Vol 160:736–55.
17 Tremblay A, Stather DR, et al. A randomized controlled trial of standard vs endobronchial ultrasonographyguided transbronchial needle aspiration in patients with suspected sarcoidosis. Chest. 2009;136:340–6.
18 Baughman RP, Engel PJ, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2006;23:108–16.
19 Sulica R, Teirstein AS, et al. Distinctive clinical, radiographic, and functional characteristics of patients with sarcoidosis-related pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2005;128:1483–9.
20 Baughman RP, Culver DA, et al. A Concise Review of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;Vol 183:573–81.
21 Judson MA, Baughman RP, et al. ACCESS Research group. Defining organ involvement in sarcoidosis: the ACCESS proposed instrument. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 1999;16:75–86.
22 Studdy PR, James DG, et al. The specificity and sensitivity of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme in sarcoidosis and other diseases. Pergamon Press. 1983:332–44.
23 Gronhagen-Riska C, Selroos O, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme. Serum levels as monitors of disease activity in corticosteroid-treated sarcoidosis. Eur J Respir Dis. 1980;61:113–22.
24 Baughman RP, Ploysongsang Y, et al. Effects of sarcoid and steroids on angiotensin-converting enzyme. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;128:631–3.
25 Keir G, Wells AU. Assessing Pulmonary Disease and Response to Therapy: Which Test? Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;31:409–18.
26 Hamada H, et al. Comparative evaluation of serum markers in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest. 2010 Jun;137(6):1391–7.
27 Gungor S, Ozseker F, et al. Conventional markers in determination of activity of sarcoidosis. Immunopharmacol. 2015 Mar;25(1):174–9.
28 Dellaripa PF. Extrapulmonary Manifestations of Sarcoidosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2013 May; 39(2):277–97.
29 Garweg JG. Sarkoidose und Uveitis – Ein Update. Der Ophthalmologe. 2017;Vol. 114(6):525–33.
30 Thi Hong NC, Kambe N, et al. Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor level is more sensitive than angiotensin-converting enzyme or lysozyme for diagnosis of sarcoidosis and may be a marker of multiple organ involvement. J Dermatol. 2017 Jul;44(7):789–97.
31 Benzaquen S, Aragaki-Nakahodo A. Bronchoscopic modalities to diagnose sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2017;23:433–8.
32 Judson MA, Costabel U, Drent M, Wells A, et al. The WASOG Sarcoidosis Organ Assessment Instrument: An update of a previous clinical tool. Sarcoidosis Vasculitis and diffuse Lung Diseases. 2014;31;19–27.
33 Baugham RP, Grutters JC. New treatment strategies for pulmonary sarcoidosis: antimetabolites, biological drugs, and other treatment approaches. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3:813–22.Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 45 Francis Street, PBB-3, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
34 Baughman RP, Winget DB, et al. Methotrexate is steroid sparing in acute sarcoidosis: results of a double blind, randomized trial. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diff use Lung Dis. 2000;17:60–6.
35 Lower EE, Baughman RP. Prolonged use of methotrexate for sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:846–51.
36 Vorselaars AD, Wuyts WA, et al. Methotrexate vs azathioprine in second-line therapy of sarcoidosis. Chest. 2013;144:805–12.
37 Muller-Quernheim J, Kienast K, et al. Treatment of chronic sarcoidosis with an azathioprine/prednisolone regimen. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:1117–22.
38 Baughman RP, Lower EE. Leflunomide for chronic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diff use Lung Dis. 2004;21:43–8.
39 Sahoo DH, Bandyopadhyay D, et al. Effectiveness and safety of leflunomide for pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2011;38:1145–50.
40 Hamzeh N, Voelker A, et al. Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in sarcoidosis. Respir Med. 2014;108:1663–9.
41 Brill AK, Ott SR, Geiser T. Effect and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis: a retrospective study. Respiration. 2013;86:376–83.
42 Drent M, Cremers JP, et al. Practical eminence and experience-based recommendations for use of TNF-α inhibitors in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diff use Lung Dis. 2014;31:91–107.
43 Crommelin HA, Vorselaars AD, et al. Anti-TNF therapeutics for the treatment of sarcoidosis. Immunotherapy. 2014;6:1127–43.
44 Judson MA, Baughman RP, et al. Safety and effi cacy of ustekinumab or golimumab in patients with chronic sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2014;44:1296–307.
45 Utz JP, Limper AH, et al. Etanercept for the treatment of stage II and III progressive pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest. 2003;124:177–85.
46 Baughman RP, Drent M, et al. Infl iximab therapy in patients with chronic sarcoidosis and pulmonary involvement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:795–802.
47 Rossman MD, Newman LS, et al. A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of infl iximab in subjects with active pulmonary sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diff use Lung Dis. 2006;23:201–8.
48 Maneiro JR, Salgado E, et al. Effi cacy and safety of TNF antagonists in sarcoidosis: data from the Spanish registry of biologics BIOBADASER and a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012;42:89–103.
49 Judson MA, Baughman RP et al. The potential additional benefit of infliximab in patients with chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis already receiving corticosteroids: a retrospective analysis from a randomized clinical trial. Respir Med. 2014;108:189–94.
50 Korstena P, Mirsaeidib M, et al. Nonsteroidal therapy of sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2013 September;19(5):516–23.
51 Coker KC. Management strategies for pulmonary sarcoidosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009;5:575–84.
52 Lower EE, Baughman RP, el al. Rituximab for refractory granulomatous eye disease. Clin Ophthalmol. 2012;6:1613–8.
53 Sweiss NJ, Lower EE, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 2014;43:1525–8.
54 Deublbeiss U, et al. Prevalence of sarcoidosis in Switzerland is associated with environmental factors. Eur Respir J. 2010 May;35(5):1088–97. De Boer S, Milne DG et al. Does CT scanning predict the likelihood of a positive transbronchial biopsy in sarcoidosis? Thorax. 2009;64(5):436.
55 Descombes E, Gardiol D, et al. Transbronchial lung biopsy: an analysis of 530 cases with reference to the number of samples. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1997;52(4):324.
56 Valeyre D, Jeny F et al. Current Medical Therapy for Sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;38(4):523–31.
57 Banga A, Sahoo D, et al. Disease Recurrence and Acute Cellular Rejection Episodes During the First Year After Lung Transplantation Among Patients With Sarcoidosis. Transplantation. 2015 Sep;99(9):1940–5.