1. American Diabetes Association, 12. Children and Adolescents. Diabetes Care. 40, S105–S113 (2017).
2. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group et al., The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 329, 977–986 (1993).
3. K. Kaiserman et al., 20 Years of insulin lispro in pediatric type 1 diabetes: a review of available evidence. Pediatric Diabetes. 18, 81–94 (2017).
4. V. Harjutsalo, R. Sund, M. Knip, P.-H. Groop, Incidence of type 1 diabetes in Finland. JAMA. 310, 427–428 (2013).
5. E. J. Mayer-Davis et al., Incidence Trends of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes among Youths, 2002-2012. N Engl J Med. 376, 1419–1429 (2017).
6. S. Fourlanos et al., The rising incidence of type 1 diabetes is accounted for by cases with lower-risk human leukocyte antigen genotypes. Diabetes Care. 31, 1546–1549 (2008).
7. S. G. Gardner, P. J. Bingley, P. A. Sawtell, S. Weeks, E. A. Gale, Rising incidence of insulin dependent diabetes in children aged under 5 years in the Oxford region: time trend analysis. The Bart’s-Oxford Study Group. BMJ. 315, 713–717 (1997).
8. C. Patterson et al., Diabetes in the young - a global view and worldwide estimates of numbers of children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 103, 161–175 (2014).
9. M. A. Atkinson, G. S. Eisenbarth, A. W. Michels, Type 1 diabetes. The Lancet (2014), doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60591-7.
10. F. Aguiree et al., IDF Diabetes Atlas : sixth edition (International Diabetes Federation, 2013).
11. C. Homko, A. Deluzio, C. Jimenez, J. W. Kolaczynski, G. Boden, Comparison of Insulin Aspart and Lispro. Diabetes Care. 26, 2027–2031 (2003).
12. D. C. Howey, R. R. Bowsher, R. L. Brunelle, J. R. Woodworth, [Lys(B28), Pro(B29)]-human insulin. A rapidly absorbed analogue of human insulin. 43, 396–402 (1994).
13. C. Mathieu, P. Gillard, K. Benhalima, Insulin analogues in type 1 diabetes mellitus: getting better all the time. Nature Publishing Group. 13, 385–399 (2017).
14. T. Heise et al., Faster-acting insulin aspart: earlier onset of appearance and greater early pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects than insulin aspart. Diabetes Obes Metab. 17, 682–688 (2015).
15. M. Fath et al., Faster-acting insulin aspart provides faster onset and greater early exposure vs insulin aspart in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatric Diabetes. 36, 2035–8 (2017).
16. S. Schmidt, M. Meldgaard, N. Serifovski, C. Storm, Use of an automated bolus calculator in MDI-treated Type 1 diabetes the BolusCal Study, a randomized controlled pilot study (2012),
doi:10.2337/dc11-2044/-/DC1.
17. R. Ziegler et al., Use of an insulin bolus advisor improves glycemic control in multiple daily insulin injection (MDI) therapy patients with suboptimal glycemic control: first results from the ABACUS trial. Diabetes Care. 36, 3613–3619 (2013).
18. R. Ziegler et al., Frequent use of an automated bolus advisor improves glycemic control in pediatric patients treated with insulin pump therapy: results of the Bolus Advisor Benefit Evaluation (BABE) study. Pediatric Diabetes. 17, 311–318 (2016).
19. L. Bally et al., Carbohydrate Estimation Supported by the GoCARB System in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Prospective Pilot Study. Diabetes Care. 40, e6–e7 (2017).
20. C. E. Smart et al., ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes. 15 Suppl 20 (2014), pp. 135–153.
21. American Diabetes Association, 6. Glycemic Targets. Diabetes Care. 40, S48–S56 (2017).
22. M. J. Rewers et al., Assessment and monitoring of glycemic control in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes. 15, 102–114 (2014).
23. C. Acerini, M. E. Craig, C. de Beaufort, D. M. Maahs, R. Hanas, Introduction to ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014 Compendium. Pediatric Diabetes. 15 Suppl 20, 1–3 (2014).
24. K. C. Donaghue et al., Microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents. Pediatric Diabetes. 15, 257–269 (2014).
25. M. B. Roldán, M. Alonso, R. Barrio, Thyroid autoimmunity in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Nutr. Metab. 12, 27–31 (1999).
26. A. Pham-Short et al., Screening for Celiac Disease in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. PEDIATRICS. 136, e170–e176 (2015).
27. I. Cranston, J. Lomas, A. Maran, I. Macdonald, S. A. Amiel, Restoration of hypoglycaemia awareness in patients with long-duration insulin-dependent diabetes. The Lancet. 344, 283–287 (1994).
28. M. Hauschild et al., Accueil des jeunes diabétiques à l’école.
swiss-paediatrics.org, 16–23.
29. M. L. Katz, L. K. Volkening, D. A. Butler, B. J. Anderson, L. M. Laffel, Family-based psychoeducation and care ambassador intervention to improve glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes: a randomized trial. Pediatric Diabetes. 15, 142–150 (2013).
30. A. A. Klocker, H. Phelan, S. M. Twigg, M. E. Craig, Blood β-hydroxybutyrate vs. urine acetoacetate testing for the prevention and management of ketoacidosis in Type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabet. Med. 30, 818–824 (2013).
31. V. Matuleviciene et al., A clinical trial of the accuracy and treatment experience of the Dexcom G4 sensor (Dexcom G4 system) and Enlite sensor (guardian REAL-time system) tested simultaneously in ambulatory patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 16, 759–767 (2014).
32. B. Bonora, A. Maran, S. Ciciliot, A. Avogaro, G. P. Fadini, Head-to-head comparison between flash and continuous glucose monitoring systems in outpatients with type 1 diabetes. J. Endocrinol. Invest. (2016), doi:10.1007/s40618-016-0495-8.
33. D. M. Maahs et al., Effect of Acetaminophen on CGM Glucose in an Outpatient Setting. Diabetes Care. 38, e158–9 (2015).
34. the SWITCH Study Group et al., Impact of continuous glucose monitoring on quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and use of medical care resources: analyses from the SWITCH study. Acta Diabetol. 51, 845–851 (2014).
35. P. J. B. PhD, R. A. PhD, P. G.-D. PhD, J. K. PhD, R. W. MD, Articles Novel glucose-sensing technology and hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes: a multicentre, non-masked, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 1–10 (2016).
36. B. Guerci et al., Accuracy of an electrochemical sensor for measuring capillary blood ketones by fingerstick samples during metabolic deterioration after continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion interruption in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 26, 1137–1141 (2003).
*37. J. L. Sherr et al., Use of insulin pump therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and its impact on metabolic control: comparison of results from three large, transatlantic paediatric registries. Diabetologia. 59, 87–91 (2016).
38. P. Choudhary, Insulin pump therapy with automated insulin suspension: toward freedom from nocturnal hypoglycemia. JAMA. 310, 1235–1236 (2013).
39. R. M. Bergenstal et al., Threshold-based insulin-pump interruption for reduction of hypoglycemia. N Engl J Med. 369, 224–232 (2013).
40. B. A. Buckingham et al., Predictive Low-Glucose Insulin Suspension Reduces Duration of Nocturnal Hypoglycemia in Children Without Increasing Ketosis. Diabetes Care. 38, 1197–1204 (2015).
41. T. T. Ly et al., Automated hybrid closed-loop control with a proportional-integral-derivative based system in adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes: individualizing settings for optimal performance. Pediatric Diabetes, 1–8 (2016).
42. S. M. Anderson et al., Multinational Home Use of Closed-Loop Control Is Safe and Effective. Diabetes Care. 39, 1143–1150 (2016).
43. S. K. Garg et al., Glucose Outcomes with the In-Home Use of a Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery System in Adolescents and Adults with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 19, 155–163 (2017).
44. S. J. Russell et al., Outpatient Glycemic Control with a Bionic Pancreas in Type 1 Diabetes. N Engl J Med, 140615180011006 (2014).
*45. S. J. R. MD et al., Day and night glycaemic control with a bionic pancreas versus conventional insulin pump therapy in preadolescent children with type 1 diabetes: a randomised crossover trial. THE LANCET Diabetes & Endocrinology. 4, 233–243 (2016).
46. I. B. Hirsch, Insulin analogues. N Engl J Med. 352, 174–183 (2005).
47. P. D. Home, The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rapid-acting insulin analogues and their clinical consequences. Diabetes Obes Metab. 14, 780–788 (2012).
48. G. Jennifer, K. Christoph, P. Jeremy, H. Tim, Understanding how pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences of basal analog insulins influence clinical practice. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 0, 1–27 (2017).