Références recommandées
1 Savaskan et al. Empfehlungen zur Prävention, Diagnostik und Therapie des Delirs im Alter. Praxis. 2016;105:941–952.
2 Loi fédérale sur les médicaments et les dispositifs médicaux (Loi sur les produits thérapeutiques, LPTh) du 15 décembre 2000 (Etat le 1er janvier 2016).
https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/20002716/index.html.
Loi fédérale sur les professions médicales universitaires (Loi sur les professions médicales, LPMéd) du 23 juin 2006 (Etat le 1er janvier 2016).
https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/20040265/index.html.
3 Maldonado JR: Neuropathogenesis of delirium: review of current etiologic theories and common pathways. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21:1190–222.
4 Savaskan E et al. Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik und Therapie der behavioralen und psychologischen Symptome der Demenz (BPSD). Praxis. 2014;103:135–148.
5 National Guidelines for Seniors’ Mental Health: The Assessment and Treatment of Delirium. Canadian Coalition for Seniors’ Mental Health. 2006.
https://www.ccsmh.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/NatlGuideline_Delirium.pdf. Dernier accès 8.7.2016.
6 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Delirium in Older People: Delirium Clinical Guidelines Expert Working Group. Health Care of Older Australians Standing Commitee. 2006.
https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/about/publications/policiesandguidelines/Clinical. Dernier accès 27.7.2016.
Ces références correspondent à l’ensemble de celles utilisées pour l’établissement des recommandations et plus particulièrement à celles citées dans le livre:
Elles suivent la logique de la présentation en chapitres.
Introduction
– American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults. Clinical Practice Guideline for Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults. New York: AGS, 2014.
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– American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults. American Geriatrics Society abstracted clinical practice guideline for postoperative delirium in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Jan;63(1):142–50.
– American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with delirium. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 May;156(5 Suppl):1–20.
– Arzneimittelinformationsplattform von Swissmedic (AIPS).
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– Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, Ely EW, Gélinas C, Dasta JF, et al. American College of Critical Care Medicine. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(1):263–306.
– British Geriatrics Society: Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of Delirium in Older People in Hospital. London: BGS, 2005.
– British Geriatrics Society (BGS) and Royal College of Physicians (RCP). Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and management of delirium in older people: National Guidelines. Concise guidance to good practice series, No 6. London: RCP, 2006.
– Bundesgesetz über Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (Heilmittelgesetz, HMG) vom 15. Dezember 2000 (Stand am 1. Januar 2015).
http://www.admin.ch
– Bürgi H. Die Voraussetzungen des Off-Label Use von Arzneimitteln in der Schweiz. Basel: Helbing Lichtenhahn Verlag; 2013.
– Bush SH, Bruera E, Lawlor PG, Kanji S, Davis DHJ, Agar M, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Delirium Management: Potential Application in Palliative Care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014;48(2):249–58.
– Canadian Coalition for Seniors’ Mental Health (CCSMH). National Guidelines for Senior’s Mental Health – The Assessment and Treatment of Delirium. Toronto: CCSMH, 2006.
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– Canadian Coalition for Seniors’ Mental Health (CCSMH). Guideline on the assessment and treatment of delirium in older adults at the end of life. Adapted from the CCSMH National guidelines for seniors’ mental health. The assessment and treatment of delirium. CCSMH; Toronto: 2010.
– Centre d’épidémiologie Clinique. Prise en charge de l’Etat Confusionnel Aigu (Delirium) à l’hôpital général: Recommandations pour la Pratique Clinique; Lausanne: CHUV, 2007.
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– Clinical Epidemiology and Health Services Evaluation. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Delirium in Older People, Melbourne: Victorian Government Department of Human Services, 2006.
https://www2.health.vic.gov.au.
– Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DNG): Alkoholdelir und Verwirrtheitszustände. DGN Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. DGN, 2002.
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– Diefenbacher A, Gaebel W. Leitlinien in der Konsiliar-Liaisonpsychiatrie. Die Psychiatrie. 2008;5:101–8.
– Diefenbacher A, Georgescu D, Gaebel W. Guidelines in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry: A critical comment. Eur Psychiatry. 2009;24(Suppl.1):216.
– Feder G, Eccles M, Grol R, Griffiths C, Grimshaw J. Clinical guidelines: using clinical guidelines. BMJ. 1999;318:728–30.
– Gill G. Going Dutch? How to make clinical guidelines work. An innovative report from Holland. Clin Med. 2001;1:307–8.
– Georgescu D. «Off-label-Use» in der alterspsychiatrischen Demenzbehandlung. Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 2015;166(4):135–42.
– Hogan D, Gage L, Bruto V, et al. National guidelines for seniors’ mental health: the assessment and treatment of delirium. Can Geriatr J. 2006;9:42–51.
– Leentjens AF, Diefenbacher A. A survey of delirium guidelines in Europe. J Psychosom Res. 2006;61:123–8.
– Leentjens AFG, Rundell J, Rummans T, Shim JJ, Oldham R, Peterson L, Philbrick K, Soellner W, Wolcott D, Freudenreich O. Delirium: An evidence-based medicine (EBM) monograph for psychosomatic medicine practice, comissioned by the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine (APM) and the European Association of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics (EACLPP). J Psychosom Res. 2012;73:149–52.
– Linden M. Der Einfluss von Leitlinien, Standards und ökonomischen Vorgaben auf medizinische Entscheidungsprozesse. Z. für ärztl. Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen. 2004;98:200–5.
– Michaud L, Büla C, Berney A, Camus V, Voellinger R, Stiefel F, Burnand B. Delirium Guidelines Development Group. Delirium: guidelines for general hospitals. J Psychosom Res. 2007 Mar;62(3):371–83.
– Mudge AM, Maussen C, Duncan J, Denaro CP. Improving quality of delirium care in a general medical service with established interdisciplinary care: a controlled trial. Intern Med J. 2013;43:270–7.
– National Clinical Guideline Centre. Delirium: diagnosis, prevention and management. London: National Clinical Guideline Centre – Acute and Chronic Conditions, 2010.
http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance
– Potter J, George J. Guideline Development Group. The prevention, diagnosis and management of delirium in older people: concise guidelines. Clin Med. 2006;6(3):303–8.
– Tropea J, Slee JA, Brand CA, Gray L, Snell T. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of delirium in older people in Australia. Australas J Ageing. 2008 Sep;27(3):150–6.
– Sendelbach S, Finch Guthrie P. Acute Confusion/Delirium. In M. G. Titler (Series Ed.), Series on Evidence-Based Practice for Older Adults, Iowa City, IA: The University of Iowa College of Nursing Gerontological Nursing Interventions Research Center, Research Translation and Dissemination Core: 2009.
– Schweizerische Akademie der Medizinischen Wissenschaften (SAMW). Charta «Zusammenarbeit der Fachleute im Gesundheitswesen»; Basel: SAMW; 2014.
– Schweizerisches Zivilgesetzbuch vom 10. Dezember 1907 (Stand am 1. Januar 2016).
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– Van der Mast RC, Huyse FJ, Droogleever Fortuijn HA, Heeren TJ, Izaks GJ, Kalisvaart CJ, et al. Richtlijn delirium. Amsterdam: Nederlandse Vereniging voor Psychiatrie, 2004.
– Van der Mast RC, Huyse FJ, Rosier PFWM. Richtlijn «Delirium». Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde. 2005;149(19);1027–32.
– Voellinger R, Stiefel F, Michaud L, Micheld P, Dorogib Y, Burnanda B, Berney A. Implementation of guidelines on delirium in a General Hospital. Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 2011;162(1):31–4.
– Widmer S. Off-label-use in der Schweiz: heilmittelrechtliche Zulässigkeit und Kostenübernahme. hill. Zeitschrift für Recht und Gesundheit 2013 Nr. 132.
– Woolf SH, Grol R, Hutchinson A, Eccles M, Grimshaw J. Clinical guidelines: potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. BMJ. 1999; 318:527–30.
– Young L, George J. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of delirium in the elderly. London: Royal College of Physicians, 1997.
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– Young LJ, George J. Do guidelines improve the process and outcomes of care in delirium? Age and Ageing. 2003;32:525–8.
Définition, classification, clinique
– American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed (DSM-IV) 1994. Washington, DC, APA.
– American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed (DSM-5) 2013. Washington, DC, APA.
– Bucht G, Gustafson Y, Sandberg O. Epidemiology of delirium. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1999;10:315–8.
– Cole M, McCusker J, Dendukuri N et al. The prognostic significance of subsyndromal delirium in elderly medical inpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:754–60.
– Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH. World Health Organization (WHO). Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen, ICD-10 Kapitel V (F), Klinisch-diagnostische Leitlinien, 9. Auflage, 2014. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern.
– Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH. World Health Organization (WHO). Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen, ICD-10 Kapitel V (F), Diagnostische Kriterien für Forschung und Praxis, 5. Auflage, 2011. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern.
– Inouye SK. The dilemma of delirium: clinical and research controversies regarding diagnosis and evaluation of delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients. Am J Med. 1994;97:278–88.
– Laurila JV, Pitkälä KH, Strandberg TE et al. The impact of different diagnostic criteria on prevalence rates for delirium. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2003;16:156–62.
– Laurila JV, Pitkälä KH, Strandberg TE et al. Impact of Different Diagnostic Criteria on Prognosis of Delirium: A Prospective Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2004;18:240–4.
– Lindesay J. The Concept of delirium. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1999;10:310–4.
– McAvay GJ, Van Ness PH et al. Older adults discharged from the hospital with delirium: 1-year outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:1245–50.
– Mc Cusker J, Cole M, Dendukuri N, et al. Delirium in older medical inpatients and subsequent cognitive and functional status: a prospective study. CMAJ. 2001;165:575–83.
– Meagher D. Motor subtypes of delirium: past, present and future. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2009;21:59–73.
– Meagher DJ, Leonard M, Donelly S, et al. A longitudinal study of motor subtypes in delirium: Relationship with other phenomenology, etiology, medication exposure and prognosis. J Psychosom Res. 2011;71:395–403.
– O´Keeffe ST. Clinical subtypes of delirium in the elderly. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1999;10:380–5.
– Reischies FM, Diefenbacher A. Delirium in general hospital inpatients: German developments. Adv Psychosom Med. 2004;26:128–36.
– Rockwood K, Lindesay J. Das Konzept des Delirs: Historische Vorläufer und gegenwärtige Bedeutungen. In: Lindesay J, MacDonald A, Rockwood K. Akute Verwirrtheit – Delir im Alter 2009;23–31. Bern, Huber Verlag.
– Stagno D, Gibson C, Breitbart W. The delirium subtypes: a review of prevalence, phenomenology, pathophysiology, and treatment response. Palliat Support Care. 2004;2:171–9.
– Swigart SE, Kishi Y et al. Misdiagnosed delirium in patient referrals to a university-based hospital psychiatry department. Psychosomatics. 2008;49:104–8.
– Yang FM, Marcantonio ER, Inouye SK et al. Phenomenological subtypes of delirium in older persons: patterns, prevalence and prognosis. Psychosomatics. 2009;50:248–54.
Pathogenèse
– Cerejeira J, Nogueira V, Luis P, Vaz-Serra A, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. The cholinergic system and inflammation: common pathways in delirium pathophysiology. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2012;60(4):669–75.
– Cerejeira J, Lagarto L, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. The immunology of delirium. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2014;21(2–3):72–8.
– Cunningham C. Systemic inflammation and delirium: important co-factors in the progression of dementia. Biochemical Society transactions. 2011;39(4):945–53.
– Cunningham C, Maclullich AM. At the extreme end of the psychoneuroimmunological spectrum: delirium as a maladaptive sickness behaviour response. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2013;28:1–13.
– de Lange E, Verhaak PF, van der Meer K. Prevalence, presentation and prognosis of delirium in older people in the population, at home and in long term care: a review. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. 2013;28(2):127–34.
– Eikelenboom P, Hoozemans JJ, Veerhuis R, van Exel E, Rozemuller AJ, van Gool WA. Whether, when and how chronic inflammation increases the risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s research & therapy. 2012;4(3):15.
– Fong TG, Jones RN, Marcantonio ER, Tommet D, Gross AL, Habtemariam D, et al. Adverse outcomes after hospitalization and delirium in persons with Alzheimer disease. Annals of internal medicine. 2012;156(12):848–56, W296.
– Givens JL, Jones RN, Inouye SK. The overlap syndrome of depression and delirium in older hospitalized patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2009;57(8):1347–53.
– Gross AL, Jones RN, Habtemariam DA, Fong TG, Tommet D, Quach L, et al. Delirium and Long-term Cognitive Trajectory Among Persons With Dementia. Archives of internal medicine. 2012;172(17):1324–31.
– Guenther U, Theuerkauf N, Frommann I, Brimmers K, Malik R, Stori S, et al. Predisposing and precipitating factors of delirium after cardiac surgery: a prospective observational cohort study. Annals of surgery. 2013;257(6):1160–7.
– Hughes CG, Patel MB, Pandharipande PP. Pathophysiology of acute brain dysfunction: what’s the cause of all this confusion? Current opinion in critical care. 2012;18(5):518–26.
– Maldonado JR. Neuropathogenesis of delirium: review of current etiologic theories and common pathways. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2013;21(12):1190–222.
– O’Sullivan R, Inouye SK, Meagher D. Delirium and depression: inter-relationship and clinical overlap in elderly people. The lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(4):303–11.
– Popp J, Arlt S. Prevention and treatment options for postoperative delirium in the elderly. Current opinion in psychiatry. 2012;25(6):515–21.
– Popp J. Delirium and cognitive decline: more than a coincidence. Current opinion in neurology. 2013;26(6):634–9.
– Saczynski JS, Marcantonio ER, Quach L, Fong TG, Gross A, Inouye SK, et al. Cognitive trajectories after postoperative delirium. The New England journal of medicine. 2012;367(1):30–9.
– Savaskan E, Bopp-Kistler I, Buerge M, Fischlin R, Georgescu D, Giardini U, et al. Recommendations for diagnosis and therapy of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD). Praxis. 2014;103(3):135–48.
– Vasilevskis EE, Han JH, Hughes CG, Ely EW. Epidemiology and risk factors for delirium across hospital settings. Best practice & research Clinical anaesthesiology. 2012;26(3):277–87.
Prévalence, épidémiologie, coûts
– Akunne A, Murthy L, Young J. Cost-effectiveness of multi-component interventions to prevent delirium in older people admitted to medical wards. Age and ageing. 2012;41(3):285–91.
– Davis DH, Barnes LE, Stephan BC, MacLullich AM, Meagher D, Copeland J, et al. The descriptive epidemiology of delirium symptoms in a large population-based cohort study: results from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). BMC geriatrics. 2014;14:87.
– de Lange E, Verhaak PF, van der Meer K. Prevalence, presentation and prognosis of delirium in older people in the population, at home and in long term care: a review. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. 2013;28(2):127–34.
– Gross AL, Jones RN, Habtemariam DA, Fong TG, Tommet D, Quach L, et al. Delirium and Long-term Cognitive Trajectory Among Persons With Dementia. Archives of internal medicine. 2012;172(17):1324–31.
– Hshieh TT, Yue J, Oh E, Puelle M, Dowal S, Travison T, et al. Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis. JAMA internal medicine. 2015;175(4):512–20.
– Leslie DL, Zhang Y, Bogardus ST, Holford TR, Leo-Summers LS, Inouye SK. Consequences of preventing delirium in hospitalized older adults on nursing home costs. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2005;53(3):405–9.
– Leslie DL, Marcantonio ER, Zhang Y, Leo-Summers L, Inouye SK. One-year health care costs associated with delirium in the elderly population. Archives of internal medicine. 2008;168(1):27–32.
– Leslie DL, Inouye SK. The importance of delirium: economic and societal costs. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2011;59 Suppl 2:241–3.
– Martinez F, Tobar C, Hill N. Preventing delirium: should non-pharmacological, multicomponent interventions be used? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Age and ageing. 2015;44(2):196–204.
– Meagher D, O’Regan N, Ryan D, Connolly W, Boland E, O’Caoimhe R, et al. Frequency of delirium and subsyndromal delirium in an adult acute hospital population. The British journal of psychiatry: the journal of mental science. 2014;205(6):478–85.
– Milbrandt EB, Deppen S, Harrison PL, Shintani AK, Speroff T, Stiles RA, et al. Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients. Critical care medicine. 2004;32(4):955–62.
– Popp J, Arlt S. Prevention and treatment options for postoperative delirium in the elderly. Current opinion in psychiatry. 2012;25(6):515–21.
– Rudolph JL, Marcantonio ER. Review articles: postoperative delirium: acute change with long-term implications. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2011;112(5):1202–11.
– Tanajewski L, Franklin M, Gkountouras G, Berdunov V, Harwood RH, Goldberg SE, et al. Economic Evaluation of a General Hospital Unit for Older People with Delirium and Dementia (TEAM Randomised Controlled Trial). PloS one. 2015;10(12):e0140662.
– Vasilevskis EE, Han JH, Hughes CG, Ely EW. Epidemiology and risk factors for delirium across hospital settings. Best practice & research Clinical anaesthesiology. 2012;26(3):277–87.
– Weinrebe W, Johannsdottir E, Karaman M, Fusgen I. What does delirium cost? : An economic evaluation of hyperactive delirium. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie. 2016;49(1):52–8.
Facteurs de risque, prévention
– Adamis D, Lunn M, Martin FC, Treloar A, Gregson N, Hamilton G, et al. Cytokines and IGF-I in delirious and non-delirious acutely ill older medical inpatients. Age Ageing. 2009;38(3):326–32.
– Andersson EM, Gustafson L, Hallberg IR. Acute confusional state in elderly orthopaedic patients: factors of importance for detection in nursing care. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2001;16(1):7–17.
– Andersson EM, Norberg A, Hallberg IR. Acute confusional episodes in elderly orthopaedic patients: The patients’ actions and speech. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2002;39(3):303–17.
– Ansaloni L, Catena F, Chattat R, Fortuna D, Franceschi C, Mascitti P, et al. Risk factors and incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly patients after elective and emergency surgery. British Journal of Surgery. 2010;97(2):273–80.
– Arinzon Z, Peisakh A, Schrire S, Berner YN. Delirium in long-term care setting: Indicator to severe morbidity. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;52:270–5.
– Beaussier M, Weickmans H, Parc Y, Delpierre E, Camus Y, Funck-Brentano C, et al. Postoperative analgesia and recovery course after major colorectal surgery in elderly patients: a randomized comparison between intrathecal morphine and intravenous PCA morphine. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2006;31(6):531–8.
– Bohner H, Hummel TC, Habel U, Miller C, Reinbott S, Yang Q, et al. Predicting delirium after vascular surgery: a model based on pre- and intraoperative data. Annals of Surgery. 2003;238(1):149–56.
– Boorsma M, Joling KJ, Frijters DH, Ribbe ME, Nijpels G, Hout HPv. The prevalence, incidence and risk factors for delirium in Dutch nursing homes and residential care homes. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011.
– Brouquet A, Cudennec T, Benoist S, Moulias S, Beauchet A, Penna C, et al. Impaired mobility, ASA status and administration of tramadol are risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients aged 75 years or more after major abdominal surgery. Ann Surg. 2010;251:759–65.
– Bucerius J, Gummert JF, Borger MA, Walther T, Doll N, Falk V, et al. Predictors of delirium after cardiac surgery delirium: Effect of beating-heart (off-pump) surgery. The Journal of Thoraric and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2004;127(1):57–64.
– Caeiro L, Ferro JM, Albuquerque R, Figueira ML. Delirium in the first days of acute stroke. J Neurol. 2004;251(2):171–8.
– Cole MG, McCusker J. Improving the outcomes of delirium in older hospital inpatients. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(4):613–5.
– CCSMH CCfSMH. National Guidelines for Seniors’ Mental Health: The assessment and treatment od delirium. Toronto: CCSMH, 2006.
– Excellence NIfHaC. Delirium : diagnosis, prevention and management. Londres: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2010.
– Fick DM, Hodo DM, Lawrence F, Inouye SK. Recognizing delirium superimposed on dementia: assessing nurses’ knowledge using case vignettes. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 2007;33(2):40–7.
– Foy A, O’Connell D, Henry D, Kelly J, Halliday J. Benzodiazepine use a cause of cognitive impairment in elderly hospital inpatients. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences. 1995;50A:M99–M106.
– Gaudreau J-D, Gagnon P, Harel F, Roy M-A, Tremblay A. Psychoactive medications and risk of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(27):6712–8.
– Greer N, Rossom R, Anderson P, MacDonald R, Tacklind J, Rutks I, et al. Delirium: Screening, Prevention, and Diagnosis - A Systematic Review of the Evidence Washington DC: Department of Veterans Affairs, 2011.
– Goldenberg G, Kiselev P, Bharathan T, Baccash E, Gill L, Madhav V, et al. Predicting post-operative delirium in elderly patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture. Psychogeriatrics. 2006;6:43–8.
– Han JH, Shintani A, Eden S, Morandi A, Solberg LM, Schnelle J, et al. Delirium in the emergency department: an independent predictor of death within 6 months Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56:244–52.
– Han JH, Eden S, Shintani A, Morandi A, Schnelle J, Dittus RS, et al. Delirium in older emergency department patients is an independent predictor of hospital length of stay. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(5):451–7.
– HAS. Confusion aiguë chez la personne âgée: prise en charge initiale de l’agitation Paris: Haute Autorité de Santé, 2009.
– HCOASC HCoOASC. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of delirium in older people Melbourne: HCOASC, 2006.
– Health CCfSM. National Guidelines For Seniors’ Mental Health: The Assessment and Treatment of Delirium. Montréal: CCSMH, 2006.
– Hufschmidt A, Shabarin V, Zimmer T. Drug-induced confusional states: the usual suspects? . Acta Neurol Scand. 2009;120:436–8.
– Inouye SK, Wagner DR, Acampora D, Horwitz RI, Cooney LM, Jr., Tinetii ME. A controlled trial of a nursing-centered intervention in hospitalized elderly medical patients: the Yale Geriatric Care Program. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41(12):1353–60.
– Inouye SK, Charpentier PA. Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons. Predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996;275(11):852–7.
– Inouye SK, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI, Hurst LD, Tinetti ME. A predictive model for delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients based on admission characteristics. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1993;119(6):474–81.
– Inouye S, Charpentier P. Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons. Predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability. Jama. 1996;275(11):852–7.
– Inouye SK. Predisposing and precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized older patients. Dementia & Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 1999;10(5):393–400.
– Inouye SK, Schlesinger MJ, Lydon TJ. Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care. Am J Med. 1999;106(5):565–73.
– Inouye SK, Zhang Y, Jones RN, Kiely DK, Yang F, Marcantonio ER. Risk factors for delirium at discharge – Development and validation of a predictive model. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(13):1406–13.
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– Leung JM, Sands LP, Vaurio LE, Wang Y. Nitrous oxide does not change the incidence of postoperative delirium or cognitive decline in elderly surgical patients. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96(6):754–60.
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