1 Peters HP, et al. Potential benefits and hazards of physical activity and exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Gut. 2001;48(3):435–9.
2 Riddoch C, Trinick T. Gastrointestinal disturbances in marathon runners. Br J Sports Med. 1988;22(2):71–4.
3 Stuempfle KJ, et al. Nausea is associated with endotoxemia during a 161-km ultramarathon. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(17):1662–8.
4 Sullivan SN, Wong C, Heidenheim P. Does running cause gastrointestinal symptoms? A survey of 93 randomly selected runners compared with controls. N Z Med J. 1994;107(984):328–31.
5 Brouns F, Saris WH, Rehrer NJ. Abdominal complaints and gastrointestinal function during long-lasting exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1987;8(3):175–89.
6 Pfeiffer B, et al. Nutritional intake and gastrointestinal problems during competitive endurance events. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(2):344–51.
7 de Oliveira EP, Burini RC. The impact of physical exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12(5):533–8.
8 Rudzki SJ, Hazard H, Collinson D. Gastrointestinal blood loss in triathletes: it’s etiology and relationship to sports anaemia. Aust J Sci Med Sport. 1995;27(1):3–8.
9 Simons SM, Kennedy RG. Gastrointestinal problems in runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2004;3(2):112–6.
10 Rowlands DS, et al. Fructose-Glucose Composite Carbohydrates and Endurance Performance: Critical Review and Future Perspectives. Sports Med. 2015;45(11):1561–76.
11 Gremion G. Troubles gastro-intestinaux et activités sportives. Rev Med Suisse. 2011;7(304):1525–8.
12 Gisolfi CV. Is the GI System Built For Exercise? News Physiol Sci. 2000;15:114–9.
13 Moses FM. Exercise-associated intestinal ischemia. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2005;4(2):91–5.
14 Brock-Utne JG, et al. Endotoxaemia in exhausted runners after a long-distance race. S Afr Med J. 1988;73(9):533–6.
15 de Oliveira EP. Runner’s diarrhea: what is it, what causes it, and how can it be prevented? Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 2016.
16 Vavricka SR, et al. High altitude journeys and flights are associated with an increased risk of flares in inflammatory bowel disease patients. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8(3):191–9.
17 Morton D, Callister R. Exercise-related transient abdominal pain (ETAP). Sports Med. 2015;45(1):23–35.
18 Eichner, E.R., Stitch in the side: causes, workup, and solutions. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2006;5(6):289–92.
19 Plunkett BT, Hopkins WG. Investigation of the side pain «stitch» induced by running after fluid ingestion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(8):1169–75.
20 Mendes-Filho AM, et al. Influence of exercise testing in gastroesophageal reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2014;27(1):3–8.
21 Iwakiri K, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for gastroesophageal reflux disease 2015. J Gastroenterol. 2016;51(8):751–67.
22 Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(3):308–28; quiz 329.
23 Morton DP, Richards D, Callister R. Epidemlology of exercise-related transient abdominal pain at the Sydney City to Surf community run. J Sci Med Sport. 2005;8(2):152–62.
24 Bounous G, McArdle AH. Marathon runners: the intestinal handicap. Med Hypotheses. 1990;33(4):261–4.
25 Peters HP, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms during long-distance walking. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(6):767–73.
26 van Wijck K, et al. Physiology and pathophysiology of splanchnic hypoperfusion and intestinal injury during exercise: strategies for evaluation and prevention. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012;303(2):G155–68.
27 Lis DM, et al. Low FODMAP: A Preliminary Strategy to Reduce Gastrointestinal Distress in Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2017.
28 Choi SC, et al. The role of gastrointestinal endoscopy in long-distance runners with gastrointestinal symptoms. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;13(9):1089–94.
29 Brouns F, Beckers E. Is the gut an athletic organ? Digestion, absorption and exercise. Sports Med. 1993;15(4):242–57.
30 Putukian M. Don’T miss gastrointestinal disorders in athletes. Phys Sportsmed. 1997;25(11):80–94.
31 Thalmann M, et al. Proton pump inhibition prevents gastrointestinal bleeding in ultramarathon runners: a randomised, double blinded, placebo controlled study. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(4):359–62;discussion 362.
32. Oosthuyse T, Carstens M, Millen AM. Ingesting Isomaltulose Versus Fructose-Maltodextrin During Prolonged Moderate-Heavy Exercise Increases Fat Oxidation but Impairs Gastrointestinal Comfort and Cycling Performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015;25(5):427–38.
33 Wilson PB. Dietary and non-dietary correlates of gastrointestinal distress during the cycle and run of a triathlon. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(4):448–54.
34 de Oliveira EP, Burini Rc, Jeukendrup A. Gastrointestinal complaints during exercise: prevalence, etiology, and nutritional recommendations. Sports Med. 2014;44 Suppl 1:79–85.
35 Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(3):543–68.
36 Pochmuller M, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of carbohydrate benefits associated with randomized controlled competition-based performance trials. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:27.
37 de Oliveira EP, Burini RC. Carbohydrate-dependent, exercise-induced gastrointestinal distress. Nutrients. 2014;6(10):4191–9.
38 Sareban M, et al. Carbohydrate Intake in Form of Gel Is Associated With Increased Gastrointestinal Distress but Not With Performance Differences Compared With Liquid Carbohydrate Ingestion During Simulated Long-Distance Triathlon. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2016;26(2):114–22.
39 Lis D, et al. Food avoidance in athletes: FODMAP foods on the list. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(9):1002–4.
40 Calbet JA, et al. A-Z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance: part 24. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(12):1005–7.